The overarching question for this course is how do we know if sustainability initiatives achieve intended outcomes? The course draws on the theoretical foundations of public policy, political economy and the field of environment and development economics and policy. The core analytic orientation of the course is fundamentals of program or impact evaluation for sustainability and development initiatives including, research design for causal inference, realistic and process evaluation, design and measurement challenges, data sources and quality, approaches to synthesizing evidence, and cost-effectiveness analysis. The course draws on a range of cases from low and middle-income countries including efforts to address water and sanitation, air pollution and energy access, forest-based climate mitigation, etc. Students who take this class will be able to analyze different approaches to monitoring and evaluation and critically evaluate existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of sustainability and development programs and policies. These skills are fundamental for developing new policy, and designing programs that build productively on experience..