This study provides information and insights about the community engagement strategies in current
practice by Marine Protected Area (MPA) managers and community members throughout the United
States. Until now, no synthesis of these efforts has been completed. Recognizing this gap, the National
Marine Protected Area Center commissioned an external report on community engagement to be
undertaken by Master’s students at the University of Michigan. Through a literature review, interviews
with MPA managers and community members, and an online survey, this report addresses the identified
need. Common challenges to community engagement identified by MPA managers and community
members are communication, involvement, representation, resource limitations, preconceptions, and
staff expertise. Principles of community engagement are: to be proactive; to be clear about purposes
and terms; understand, validate, and speak to the community’s concerns; start early with clear
expectations; be responsive; be inclusive; build on common needs and goals; and recognize that it all
begins with relationships. MPA managers described six objectives for community engagement: to
increase awareness and raise visibility of the MPA; to enhance understanding and support for the MPA’s
purpose and resources; to encourage MPA-beneficial stewardship behaviors within the communities; to
enable others to help advance MPA objectives; and to instill community ownership and pride in the
MPA. Moving forward, we encourage managers to draw inspiration from the community, celebrate
small victories, and share ideas and inspiration.